A) Alluvial soil
Description: Alluvial soil is the most abundant type of soil found in the Northern Plains of India. It is highly fertile and is formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries.

B) Jharkhand
Description: Jharkhand is known for its significant reserves of coal. It is one of the leading coal-producing states in India, with rich coal deposits in areas like Jharia, Bokaro, and Dhanbad.

C) Western Ghats
Description: The Western Ghats in India are known for their tropical rainforests. These forests are characterized by high rainfall and biodiversity, and they are home to several endemic species of plants and animals.

C) Asiatic Lion
Description: The Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is the last refuge of the endangered Asiatic Lion. It is the only place in the world where these lions are found in the wild.

A) Rajasthan
Description: The Indira Gandhi Canal is a major water source for the state of Rajasthan. It is one of the longest irrigation canals in India, bringing water from the Sutlej River to arid regions of Rajasthan for agriculture and drinking purposes.

B) Kaveri River
Description: The Kaveri River is known as the “Ganga of the South” in India. It rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka and flows for about 800 km before its emptying into the Bay of Bengal

B) Winter
Description: The Rabi crop is sown in winter, typically between October and December, and harvested in spring. It includes crops like wheat, barley, peas, and mustard, which require cool weather for their growth.

A) Wheat & Rice
Description: The Green Revolution in India was most successful for the cultivation of wheat. It led to a significant increase in Wheat & Rice production through the adoption of high-yielding varieties, modern agricultural techniques, and the use of fertilizers and irrigation.

A) Odisha
Description: Odisha is the leading producer of bauxite in India. Bauxite is the primary ore used in the production of aluminum, and Odisha has abundant reserves of this mineral, particularly in areas like Koraput and Kalahandi.

A) Iron ore
Description: The Kudremukh mines in Karnataka are known for the extraction of iron ore. Kudremukh is one of the largest iron ore mining areas in India and has been a major source of iron ore for steel production.

B) Iron and Steel
Description: Jamshedpur in Jharkhand is famous for its iron and steel industry. It is home to Tata Steel, one of the largest steel producers in India, and was established by Jamsetji Tata in the early 20th century.

A) Leather
Description: Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh is well-known for its leather industry. It is one of the largest centers for leather production and exports in India, with a significant presence of tanneries and leather goods manufacturers.

D) Bullet Train Project
Description: The Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor is also known as the Bullet Train Project. It is an ambitious infrastructure project aimed at connecting Mumbai and Ahmedabad with a high-speed train service using Japanese Shinkansen technology.

B) Red Sea
Description: The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. It is an artificial waterway located in Egypt and serves as a crucial maritime route for international trade, providing a shortcut between Europe and Asia.

C) Fossil fuels
Description: Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable resources because they are formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals and cannot be replenished within a human lifespan.

C) Areas with high species diversity
Description: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of plant and animal species diversity that are threatened by human activities. Conservation efforts in these areas are crucial for preserving global biodiversity.

A) The Ganga and the Brahmaputra
Description: The Sundarbans Delta is formed by the The Ganga and the Brahmaputra rivers and their distributaries as they flow into the Bay of Bengal. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world and is known for its rich biodiversity, also home to over 100 the Bengal tiger.

B) Karnataka
Description: Karnataka is the largest coffee-producing state in India. It is renowned for its high-quality coffee plantations, particularly in regions like Chikmagalur, Coorg, and Hassan, which have ideal climatic conditions for coffee cultivation.

C) Subansiri River
Description: The Subansiri River is a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. It originates in Tibet and flows through the northeastern Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam before joining the Brahmaputra.

B) Geography
Description: Bhugol’ is the Sanskrit word for Geography in which ‘bhu’ means Earth and ‘gol’ means round. Evidence suggest the word Bhugol has been first used by Varāhamihira in his book Surya Siddhanta (4th – 5th century BCE)

b) Alexander von Humboldt
Description: Humboldt, a German scientist, traveler, and geographer from 1769-1859, is commonly known as the “father of modern geography.

a) Erosion
Description: Erosion is the process by which Earth’s surface materials are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by natural agents such as water, wind, ice, and gravity.

d) Inner core
Description: The inner core of the Earth is primarily composed of solid iron and nickel. It is the innermost layer of the Earth and is surrounded by the outer core, mantle, and crust.

c) Pacific Ocean
Description: The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth, covering more than one-third of the Earth’s surface area. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bordered by Asia, Australia, North America, and South America.

c) Granite
Description: Granite is an example of an igneous rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals.

a) Weathering
Description: Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments through physical disintegration or chemical decomposition caused by exposure to atmospheric agents such as water, wind, and temperature changes.

b) Canyon
Description: Canyons are deep valleys with steep sides that are formed by the erosion of rivers over millions of years. They are typically found in areas with resistant rock layers that are gradually worn away by flowing water.

a) Nitrogen
Description: Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere by volume, making up approximately 78% of the air we breathe. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas, followed by argon and carbon dioxide.

b) Equator
Description: The Equator is the imaginary line that divides Earth into two equal halves, known as the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is located at 0 degrees latitude and circles the Earth’s midpoint.

d) Thunderstorm
Description: A thunderstorm is a weather phenomenon characterized by the sudden and violent release of large amounts of energy in the atmosphere, often accompanied by strong winds, lightning, thunder, and heavy rain.

b) Condensation
Description: Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes into liquid water when it comes into contact with a surface or cooler air. It is a crucial step in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

a) Global warming
Description: Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the Earth’s average temperature due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.

c) Pacific Ocean
Description: The Challenger Deep, the deepest known point in the Earth’s seabed hydrosphere, is located in the western Pacific Ocean at the southern end of the Mariana Trench. It reaches a depth of approximately 36,070 feet (10,994 meters) below sea level.

a) El Niño
Description: El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by the periodic warming of surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. It can lead to significant changes in weather patterns worldwide, including droughts, floods, and disruptions to marine ecosystems.

a) Ecology
Description: Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.

d) Andes Mountains
Description: The Tropical Andes contains the highest number of plant and animal species, making it the leader of the 36 biodiversity hotspots.

a) Himalayas
Description: The Himalayas form the northern boundary of India and stretch across several countries, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. They are the highest and youngest mountain range in the world, with peaks exceeding 8,000 meters in elevation.

d) Aravalli Range
Description: The Aravalli Range is the oldest mountain range in India, dating back millions of years. It stretches across the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi and is known for its rich mineral deposits and biodiversity.

d) Chambal
Description: the longest river that flows through the state is the Chambal River. Chambal is almost 1,024 kilometers long.

b) Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon
Description: The climate of the northeastern region of India is primarily influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon, which brings heavy rainfall to the region during the monsoon season. The region experiences a humid subtropical climate with significant precipitation throughout the year.

a) Tropical rainforest
Description: Tropical rainforests are predominant in the Western Ghats region of India. These forests are characterized by high rainfall and biodiversity, with dense vegetation consisting of tall trees, shrubs, and epiphytes.

a) Alluvial soil
Description: Alluvial soil is commonly found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries and is highly fertile, making it suitable for agriculture.

d) Deforestation
Description: Deforestation is a human-induced natural hazard that can lead to a range of environmental problems, including soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and climate change. It can increase the risk of other natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and droughts.

b) Human geography
Description: human geography, is study of how humans interact within communities and cultures and what part environment and location play in those relationships.

c) Big Bang theory
Description: The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the origin and evolution of the universe from a cosmic explosion approximately 13.8 billion years ago. It proposes that the universe began as a hot, dense singularity and has been expanding and cooling ever since.

b) Mantle
Description: The mantle is the layer of the Earth located between the crust and the outer core. It is composed mainly of semi-molten rock called magma, which is capable of flowing over long periods of time, contributing to processes such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity.

d) Australia
Description: Australia is the only continent that is located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean and is the sixth-largest country in the world by land area.

c) Bauxite
Description: Bauxite is the primary source of aluminum, commonly used in various industries such as aerospace, transportation, construction, and packaging. It is a mixture of minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore.

c) Weathering
Description: Weathering is a slow geomorphic process that involves the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth’s surface due to various mechanical and chemical processes. It contributes to the formation of soil and sediment over long periods of time.

c) Earthquake
Description: An earthquake is a catastrophic event resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust, leading to ground shaking, displacement, and destruction of property and infrastructure. It is caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults.

a) Oxygen
Description: Oxygen is the second most abundant component of Earth’s atmosphere, making up approximately 21% of the air we breathe. It plays a crucial role in respiration, combustion, and various biogeochemical cycles.

b) Temperate forest
Description: Temperate forests are found in the higher altitudes of the Himalayas. They are characterized by a mix of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen coniferous trees and experience distinct seasons with moderate temperatures and rainfall.

a) Front
Description: A front is the boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and densities. It can lead to the formation of various weather phenomena, including precipitation, thunderstorms, and changes in wind direction.

c) Sublimation
Description: Sublimation is the process by which water vapor changes directly into ice without first becoming a liquid. It occurs when the air is cold and dry, causing water molecules to transition from a gas to a solid state.

a) Köppen climate classification
Description: The Köppen climate classification is a widely used system for categorizing climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns, vegetation types, and other factors. It was developed by climatologist Wladimir Köppen in the early 20th century.

a) Estuary
Description: An estuary is the area where a river meets the ocean or sea, characterized by a mixture of freshwater and saltwater. It is a dynamic and productive ecosystem that serves as a nursery and habitat for various marine species.

c) Thar Desert
Description: The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a region of India characterized by a hot and dry desert climate. It covers parts of the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana.

b) Photosynthesis
Description: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. It is the primary source of atmospheric oxygen and serves as the foundation of the food chain on Earth.

b) Extinction
Description: Extinction refers to the loss of species from an ecosystem or habitat due to various factors such as habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change. It is a natural process but has been accelerated significantly by human activities in recent centuries.

d) Odisha
Description: Odisha does not share a border with Bangladesh. It is located along the eastern coast of India, bordering the Bay of Bengal, and shares its borders with the states of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.

c) Himalayas
Description: The Himalayas separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia. They are the highest and youngest mountain range in the world, extending across several countries, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan.

a) Ganges
Description: The Ganges River forms the world’s largest delta, known as the Sundarbans Delta. It is located in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) Delta region, spanning India and Bangladesh, and is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world.